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Table 3 Meta-analysis of depression among HCWs in the EMR by country and profession

From: Depression among healthcare workers in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Studied subgroups Years of data collection Number of prevalence measures Total sample size Prevalence range (%) Effect size Subgroup Comparison    Heterogeneity between studies  
Weighted average prevalence (%) 95% CI Q between subgroup tests p value Cochrane Q test's p value I2 (%) 95% prediction intervala
EMR
 All countries (Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) 2005–2020 94 26,029 1.70–99.90 33.03 27.40–39.19 N/A  < 0.0001 98.80 3.53–86.94
Egypt           
 All professions 2013–2018 10 2507 20.00–92.90 55.69 41.74–68.79 N/A  < 0.0001 97.50 12.98–91.37
 Doctors 2016 2 961 52.00–65.40 58.92 49.34–67.88 0.0716  < 0.0001 88.70 N/A
 Residents 2013–2018 4 641 20.00–59.52 40.06 25.51–56.61    < 0.0001 92.40 2.80–93.94
 Nurses 2013–2016 4 645 45.00–92.90 69.16 46.25–85.39    < 0.0001 95.90 2.32–99.53
 All specialties No data          
Iran           
 All professions 2005–2020 44 11,436 2.90–99.90 29.61 22.16–38.33 N/A  < 0.0001 98.60 2.87–85.67
 Health care workers 2010–2020 4 670 43.4. –99.90 87.40 25.69–99.29 0.1089 0.0027 99.30 0.00–100.00
 Doctors 2020 1 127 26.80 26.77 19.80–35.13   N/A N/A N/A
 Residents 2014–2015 2 2449 31.20–81.81 58.60 22.26–87.50    < 0.0001 98.60 N/A
 Nurses 2005–2020 36 7961 2.90–89.25 23.84 18.74–29.83    < 0.0001 96.70 4.58–67.14
 Allied health staff 2020 1 229 24.00 24.02 18.92–29.97   N/A N/A N/A
 All specialties 2005–2020 44 11,436 2.90–99.90 29.61 22.16–38.33 N/A  < 0.0001 98.60 2.87–85.67
 Emergency medicine 2014–2015 1 198 81.81 81.82 75.82–86.59  < 0.0001 N/A N/A N/A
Lebanon           
 All Professions 2013 4 171 8.00–46.00 22.98 9.93–44.69 N/A 0.0062 81.30 0.41–95.63
 Residents 2013 3 80 8.00–46.00 17.75 5.46–44.65 0.0081 0.0026 73.70 0.00–100.00
 Nurses 2013 1 91 36.20 36.26 27.07–46.59   N/A N/A N/A
 All specialties 2013 4 171 8.00–46.00 22.98 9.93–44.69 N/A 0.0062 81.30 0.41–95.63
 Internal medicine 2013 1 35 46.00 45.71 30.22–62.09 0.0062 N/A N/A N/A
 Surgery 2013 1 25 8.00 8.00 2.01–26.94   N/A N/A N/A
 Obestetrics & Gynecology 2013 1 20 12.00 10.00 2.51–32.38   N/A N/A N/A
Oman           
 All professions 2017 4 531 1.70–11.40 3.75 1.54–8.84 N/A 0.0023 69.9 0.09–61.61
 Residents 2017 4 531 1.70–11.40 3.75 1.54–8.84 N/A 0.0023 69.9 0.09–61.61
 All specialties 2017 4 531 1.70–11.40 3.75 1.54–8.84 N/A 0.0023 69.9 0.09–61.61
 Internal Medicine 2017 1 235 3.00–11.40 2.98 1.43–6.11 0.0023 N/A N/A N/A
 Surgery 2017 1 119 1.70 1.68 0.42–6.47   N/A N/A N/A
 Radiology 2017 1 45 2.2 2.22 0.31–14.16   N/A N/A N/A
Pakistan           
  All professions 2008–2020 11 2196 6.10–85.30 31.69 18.75–48.26 N/A  < 0.0001 97.80 2.89–87.86
 Health care workers 2020 3 882 27.30–34.60 31.42 28.00–35.05 0.0081 0.1375 24.00 10.20–64.88
 Doctors 2008–2018 6 1209 6.10–85.30 27.53 9.87–56.85    < 0.0001 97.40 0.37–97.46
 Residents 2020 1 35 39.90 40.00 25.32–56.73   N/A N/A N/A
 Nurses Not reported 1 70 51.40 51.43 39.85–62.85   N/A N/A N/A
 All specialties No data          
Saudi Arabia           
 All professions 2012–2020 19 4211 7.10–70.60 35.70 26.96–45.51 N/A  < 0.0001 96.80 7.62–78.90
 Health Care Workers 2013–2020 2 527 35.47–52.20 42.39 31.33–54.27 0.3543 0.0032 76.50 N/A
 Doctors 2015–2016 6 812 22.00–47.00 35.69 28.87–43.15   0.0002 76.20 16.50–60.93
 Residents 2012–2018 6 610 19.90–70.60 46.34 27.55–66.22    < 0.0001 94.40 4.30–94.32
 Nurses 2014–2017 3 1918 7.10–53.80 17.78 5.15–46.27    < 0.0001 98.90 0.00–100.00
 EMTs 2017–2019 2 344 26.70–41.00 32.89 23.63–43.71   0.0073 72.00 N/A
 All specialties 2012–2020 19 4211 7.10–70.60 35.70 26.96–45.51 N/A  < 0.0001 96.80 7.62–78.90
 Internal medicine Not reported 1 149 40.20 40.27 32.70–48.33  < 0.0001 N/A N/A N/A
 Surgery 2017 1 34 70.60 70.59 53.44–83.39   N/A N/A N/A
 Emergency medicine 2015–2016 2 205 31.40–41.00 34.63 28.44–41.40   0.1666 0.00 N/A
 Family medicine 2015–2016 1 69 22.00 21.74 13.55–32.98   N/A N/A N/A
UAE           
 All professions 2008–2016 5 727 7.80–65.50 44.2 22.60–68.25 N/A  < 0.0001 97.00 1.62–97.45
 Residents 2012–2016 4 634 50.00–65.50 58.47 51.15–65.43  < 0.0001 0.0066 63.9 29.95–82.25
 Allied Health Staff 2008 1 93 7.80 7.53 3.63–14.96   N/A N/A N/A
 All specialties No data          
  1. EMT Emergency Medical Technician
  2. aOnly calculated when 3 or more data points available
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Human Resources for Health

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